Complete Polity Notes for UPSC - Lakshmikanth Notes

This book is one of the most trusted and comprehensive sources for Indian Polity, especially for UPSC aspirants. It covers all aspects of the Polity

Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth

📘 Indian Polity by M. Laxmikanth

This book is one of the most trusted and comprehensive sources for Indian Polity, especially for UPSC aspirants. It covers all aspects of the Indian political system—right from the historical background to the latest constitutional developments and institutions.


Contents 



Basic Understandings:

PART-I: Constitutional Framework

  1. Historical Background
    - Regulating Act of 1773 
    - Pitt’s India Act of 1784

  2. Making of the Constitution - ▶️ YT Class Link
    -Nehru Objective Resolution
    Drafting Committee

  3. Concept of Constitution - ▶️ YT Class Link

  4. Salient Features of the Constitution - ▶️ YT Class Link
    - CRITICISM OF THE CONSTITUTION

  5. Comparison of the Indian Constitutional Scheme With that of Other Countries
    British Constitution vs Indian Constitution - ▶️ YT Class Link
    USA Constitution vs Indian Constitution - ▶️ YT Class Link
    - Salient Features of the Chinese Constitution - ▶️ YT Class Link
    - Salient Features of the French Constitution - ▶️ YT Class Link
    - Salient Features of the German, Japan, Canada Constitution - ▶️ YT Class Link | PDF Notes
    - Salient Feature of Constitution of Australia & Switzerland - ▶️ YT Class Link | PDF Notes

  6. Preamble of the Constitution 

  7. Union and its Territory Article 1 - 4

  8. Citizenship Article 5 - 11
    Citizenship (Amendment) Rules, 2024

  9. Fundamental Rights
    "Fundamental Rights" - Introduction 
    - Article 12 – Definition of the "State"
    - Is Judiciary a Part of the State Under Article 12 of the Indian Constitution
    - Article 13 – Laws Inconsistent with Fundamental Rights
    - Article 14 - Equality before law and Equal protection of the laws 
    - What is Rule of Law
    - ARTICLE 15 – Prohibition of Discrimination
    - Reservation in India
    - Article 16: Equality of Opportunity in Public Employment 
    - ARTICLE 17 – Abolition of Untouchability
    ARTICLE 18 – ABOLITION OF TITLES 
    - Article 19: Freedom of Speech & expression
    - Article 20: Protection in Respect of Conviction for Offences
    - Article 21: Protection of Life and Personal Liberty 
    - Article 21A: Right to Education
    - Article 22: Protection Against Arrest and Detention 
    - Article 23 & 24 | RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION 
    - ARTICLE 25 – Freedom of Conscience and Free Profession, Practice and Propagation of Religion
    - Article 26: Freedom to Manage Religious Affairs
    - Article 27: Freedom from Taxation for Promotion of Religion
    - Article 28: Prohibition of Religious Instruction in State-aided Institutions
     -Article 29: Protection of Interests of Minorities
    - ARTICLE 30 – Rights of Minorities to Establish and Administer Educational Institutions
    - Article 32: Writs- Constitutional Remedies for Enforcement of Fundamental Rights 
    - Distinction Between Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of state policy

  10. Directive Principles of State Policy

  11. Fundamental Duties

  12. Amendment of the Constitution

  13. Basic Structure of the Constitution


PART-II: System of Government

  1. Parliamentary System

  2. Federal System

  3. Centre–State Relations

  4. Inter-State Relations

  5. Emergency Provisions
    - National Emergency (Article 352) in India
    - President’s Rule (Article 356) - Emergency provisions
    - Financial Emergency (Article 360) - Emergency provisions
    - The 1975 Emergency: How Indira Gandhi Misused Power


PART-III: Central Government

  1. President

  2. Vice-President

  3. Prime Minister

  4. Central Council of Ministers

  5. Cabinet Committees

  6. Parliament
    - Types of Majorities in the Indian Parliament 
    - Question Hour and Zero Hour in Parliament
    - How and Why the Motion of Thanks Occurs in Parliament
    - What is Privilege Motion?
    - What is Call Attention Motion? 
    - Comparison between Adjournment Motion and Call Attention Motion 
    - What is Prorogation in Parliament
    - What is Recess in Parliament 
    - What is Session of Parliament 
    - Funds and Its Types: Consolidated Fund of India, Contingency Fund of India, Public Account of India
    - Stages in Enactment of Budget | Budgetary Process in India
    - Ordinary Bills
    - Money Bills Article 110
    - Financial bills

  7. Parliamentary Committees

  8. Parliamentary Forums

  9. Indian Parliamentary Group

  10. Supreme Court
    - What is Special Leave to Appeal (SLP) Under Article 136?
    - The Four Judges Cases: Controversy Over Consultation in Judicial Appointments 
    - ARTICLE 142 – Power of SC to do “Complete Justice"
    - Curative Petition and Review Petition

  11. Judicial Review

  12. Judicial Activism

  13. Public Interest Litigation


PART-IV: State Government

  1. Governor
    - Constitutional Discretion of Governor 

  2. Chief Minister

  3. State Council of Ministers

  4. State Legislature

  5. High Court

  6. Tribunals

  7. Subordinate Courts

  8. Special Provisions for Some States


PART-V: Local Government

  1. Panchayati Raj

  2. Municipalities


PART-VI: Union Territories and Special Areas

  1. Union Territories

  2. Scheduled and Tribal Areas


PART-VII: Constitutional Bodies

  1. Election Commission
    - Electoral Bonds Scheme – UPSC Notes
    - What is the Delimitation Commission with example

  2. Union Public Service Commission

  3. State Public Service Commission

  4. Finance Commission

  5. Goods and Services Tax Council
    - Working of GST in India

  6. National Commission for SCs

  7. National Commission for STs

  8. National Commission for BCs

  9. Special Officer for Linguistic Minorities

  10. Comptroller and Auditor General of India

  11. Attorney General of India

  12. Advocate General of the State


PART-VIII: Non-Constitutional Bodies

  1. NITI Aayog

  2. National Human Rights Commission

  3. State Human Rights Commission

  4. Central Information Commission

  5. State Information Commission

  6. Central Vigilance Commission

  7. Central Bureau of Investigation

  8. Lokpal and Lokayuktas

  9. National Investigation Agency

  10. National Disaster Management Authority


PART-IX: Other Constitutional Dimensions

  1. Co-operative Societies

  2. Official Language

  3. Public Services

  4. Rights and Liabilities of the Government

  5. Special Provisions Relating to Certain Classes

  6. Bar Council of India

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