Q. India and USA are the two large democracies. Examine the basic tenets on which the two political systems are based. 15 marks (UPSC CSE 2018)
Introduction:
India and the United States are the world’s largest and oldest democracies respectively. While both share democratic values such as popular sovereignty, constitutionalism, and protection of rights, their political systems differ significantly due to distinct historical, constitutional, and cultural contexts.
Basic Tenets of the Indian Political System:
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Parliamentary System:
India follows a parliamentary system where the executive is responsible to the legislature, ensuring collective accountability. -
Quasi-Federal Structure:
The Constitution provides for a federal system with a strong unitary bias, especially during emergencies (Article 352–360). -
Written and Sovereign Constitution:
The Constitution is the supreme law. All institutions function within its framework. -
Secular, Socialist, Democratic Republic:
As per the Preamble, India ensures equality, justice, liberty, and fraternity for all citizens. -
Judicial Review and Basic Structure Doctrine:
The judiciary is independent and protects the Constitution through judicial review (e.g., Kesavananda Bharati case). -
Universal Adult Franchise and Multi-party Democracy:
Citizens above 18 have the right to vote. The system encourages coalition politics and regional representation.
Basic Tenets of the US Political System:
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Presidential System:
The President is both head of state and government, directly elected and not accountable to the legislature. -
Federalism with Dual Sovereignty:
States and the federal government have clearly defined, independent powers. -
Strict Separation of Powers:
The executive, legislature, and judiciary are independent and check each other’s powers. -
Bill of Rights and Constitutional Supremacy:
The first ten amendments ensure civil liberties and limit governmental powers. -
Two-party System and First-Past-the-Post Elections:
The system is dominated by Democrats and Republicans, leading to political stability.
Conclusion:
Both India and the USA are committed to democratic ideals, yet differ in institutional design, executive accountability, and federal structure. Their unique approaches reflect the adaptability of democracy in diverse environments.
