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Gender Development Index (GDI): Indian Economy Notes for UPSC

GDI is a gender-based measure of development introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It assesses disparities between men and w
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Gender Development Index (GDI)

The Gender Development Index (GDI) is a gender-based measure of development introduced by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). It assesses disparities between men and women in the three core dimensions of human development: health, education, and income. The GDI highlights inequalities in human development achievements between genders, complementing the Human Development Index (HDI).

Key Features of GDI

  1. Definition:

    • GDI is the ratio of the HDI values for females to males.
    • It quantifies gender gaps in life expectancy, education, and income.

  2. Components:

    • Life Expectancy at Birth: Measures gender disparities in health.
    • Education: Assessed through mean years of schooling and expected years of schooling for both genders.
    • Income: Compares Gross National Income (GNI) per capita for males and females.

  3. Classification:

    • GDI is classified into five groups based on the extent of gender disparity, with Group 1 showing the least disparity and Group 5 showing the most.

Significance

  • Highlights areas where gender inequalities persist, helping governments tailor policies to bridge gaps.
  • Encourages a gender-sensitive approach to development planning.
  • Serves as a tool for evaluating the impact of gender-focused interventions.

India's Performance

In the 2023 GDI Report, India was categorized under Group 4, reflecting a moderate level of gender disparity:

  • Female HDI: 0.573.
  • Male HDI: 0.663.
  • Key challenges include lower female labor force participation (25.1%) and gender gaps in education.

Current Affairs

  • Women-Led Development: India's G20 Presidency 2023 emphasized empowering women in STEM, leadership, and entrepreneurship.
  • Government Schemes: Initiatives like Beti Bachao Beti Padhao, PM Ujjwala Yojana, and Skill India Mission are bridging gender gaps.
  • Global Initiatives: The UN’s Generation Equality Forum aligns with India's goals of reducing gender disparities.

GDI underscores the necessity of inclusive development that addresses gender inequalities for sustainable progress.

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