India on the Eve of British Conquest
External Challenges
i. Nadir Shah's Invasion (1739, during Md. Shah's reign)
Invaded via Punjab; defeated Mughals at Battle of Karnal.
India on the Eve of British Conquest 🔶 1. Challenges Before the Mughals a) External Challenges i. Nadir Shah's Invasion (1739, during Md. Shah's reign) Invaded via Punjab; defeated Mughals at Battle of Karnal . Looted Delhi – took Peacock Throne and Kohinoor diamond . Acquired strategic western territories including Kabul and land west of Indus. ii. Ahmad Shah Abdali (Durrani Empire) Successor of Nadir Shah; raided India multiple times (1748–1767) . Key Events: 1751–52 : Mughals ceded Punjab. 1757 : Captured Delhi, installed Afghan caretaker over the Mughal emperor. Najib-ud-Daula (Rohilla Chief) made Mir Bakshi and Abdali’s chief agent in India. 1758 : Najib expelled by Maratha Raghunath Rao , Punjab captured. 1759 : Abdali returns. 1761 : Fought Third Battle of Panipat against the Marathas. 1767 : Last invasion of Abdali. b) Internal Challenges – Weak Mughal Rulers After Aurangzeb Ruler Reign Key Highlights Bahadur Shah I 1709–1712 Released Shahu (Maratha); pacifist policy with Marathas, Rajputs, Jats. Jaha…