Geography-Mains-answers

Geography-UPSC-Notes

El Niño, La Niña, and ENSO

🌐 El Niño, La Niña & ENSO – Made Easy 🌊 1. Normal Conditions in Pacific Ocean: Trade winds blow east → west (from South America to Asia). These winds push warm water toward Asia/Australia . Near South America , cold water rises to replace it — called upwelling . Indonesia & Australia : Get more rain . South America (Peru/Ecuador) : Stays dry . 🔁 2. What is ENSO? ENSO = El Niño + Southern Oscillation (a natural climate cycle). It has 3 phases : Normal El Niño (warm phase) La Niña (cool phase) It affects global weather, agriculture, monsoons, and economies . 🔥 3. El Niño (Warm Phase of ENSO) ✅ Key Points: Sea temperature rises in the central and eastern Pacific . Trade winds weaken or reverse . Warm water moves back to South America . Indonesia, India : Less rain → droughts South America : More rain → floods 📌 Effects: ☁️ Weak monsoon in India 🌾 Crop failure, forest fires in Australia 🌊 Poor fishing in Peru (no upwelling) 🌀 Global weather changes (hurricanes, heatwaves) ❄️ 4. La Niña (Cool Phase of ENSO) ✅ Key …

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