New Income Tax Act 2025 - Economy UPSC Notes
Understanding the New Income Tax Act, 2025 The Income Tax Act, 2025 is a brand-new law that will replace the old Income-Tax Act of 1961. The main g…
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What is Estate Duty / Inheritance Tax? UPSC notes
What is Estate Duty / Inheritance Tax? Estate duty (or inheritance tax ) is a tax levied on the property, money, or assets that a person leaves …
Laffer Curve – Economy UPSC Notes
✅ Laffer Curve – Complete UPSC Notes ➤ Definition The Laffer Curve is an economic theory that shows the relationship between the tax rate (%) an…
What is Sen Poverty Index (SPI) | UPSC Economy notes
Sen Poverty Index (SPI) Step 1: The problem with normal poverty measures Headcount Ratio (HCR): tells us how many people are poor. 👉 Example…
Criticism & Significance of Fundamental Rights
Criticism of Fundamental Rights (FRs) 👉 Critics point out the following problems: Excessive Limitations Rights are full of exceptions, restr…
Article 31 & Article 19(1)(f) | Right to Property
🔹 Article 19(1)(f) → Freedom to own property It gave every citizen the right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property . Example: I can buy …
Article 35: EFFECTING CERTAIN FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
"Friends, listen carefully… Our Constitution says untouchability is abolished (Article 17). But just writing that in the Constitution is not en…
Article 34: MARTIAL LAW AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
🔹 Intro to Article 34 Article 34 of the Constitution says that when Martial Law is imposed in any area of India, Fundamental Rights (FRs) can b…
Article 33: ARMED FORCES AND FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
Introduction to Article 33 Article 33 of the Indian Constitution says: 👉 Parliament can make laws to restrict or even cancel Fundamental Righ…
Article 32 – Right to Constitutional Remedies
Article 32 – Right to Constitutional Remedies 1. "Friends, we all know the Constitution gives us Fundamental Rights… but tell me one thing — if…