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Fundamental Duties – Article 51A: Origin, Importance, and Swaran Singh Committee Report
Fundamental Duties – Article 51A “We all know our rights — like the Right to Education and Right to Freedom. But do you think we also have some dut…
Relations Between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights
📘 Relations Between Directive Principles and Fundamental Rights 🔹 1. Background: The Two Pillars of the Constitution When the framers of the In…
Income Tax Act, 1961 vs Income Tax Act, 2025 - UPSC notes
C omparative table for Income Tax Act, 1961 vs Income Tax Act, 2025 for quick revision Read: New Income Tax Act 2025 - Economy UPSC Notes Aspe…
New Income Tax Act 2025 - Economy UPSC Notes
Understanding the New Income Tax Act, 2025 The Income Tax Act, 2025 is a brand-new law that will replace the old Income-Tax Act of 1961. The main g…
What is Estate Duty / Inheritance Tax? UPSC notes
What is Estate Duty / Inheritance Tax? Estate duty (or inheritance tax ) is a tax levied on the property, money, or assets that a person leaves …
Laffer Curve – Economy UPSC Notes
✅ Laffer Curve – Complete UPSC Notes ➤ Definition The Laffer Curve is an economic theory that shows the relationship between the tax rate (%) an…
What is Sen Poverty Index (SPI) | UPSC Economy notes
Sen Poverty Index (SPI) Step 1: The problem with normal poverty measures Headcount Ratio (HCR): tells us how many people are poor. 👉 Example…
Criticism & Significance of Fundamental Rights
Criticism of Fundamental Rights (FRs) 👉 Critics point out the following problems: Excessive Limitations Rights are full of exceptions, restr…
Article 31 & Article 19(1)(f) | Right to Property
🔹 Article 19(1)(f) → Freedom to own property It gave every citizen the right to acquire, hold, and dispose of property . Example: I can buy …