Similipal Declared Odisha’s Largest National Park: Key Highlights for UPSC
In a major conservation move, the Odisha government has officially granted national park status to Similipal, making it the state’s newest and largest national park, covering 845.70 sq km in Mayurbhanj district.
This designation, finalised after a 60-day statutory process, makes Similipal the second national park in Odisha, after Bhitarkanika.
Why It Matters
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Similipal National Park becomes the 107th National Park of India.
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It forms the core area of the Similipal Tiger Reserve (2,750 sq km), which was established in 1973 under Project Tiger.
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Similipal has been recognised as a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve since 1994.
Key Features of Similipal National Park
1. Unique Biodiversity
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55 mammal species, including:
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Bengal tigers
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Asian elephants
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Leopards
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Gaurs (Indian bison)
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Chausinghas (four-horned antelope)
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361 bird species, like:
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Grey Hornbill
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Crested Serpent Eagle
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62 reptiles (including King Cobras, Mugger Crocodiles)
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21 amphibian species
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1,000+ plant species, including endemic orchids and the iconic red silk cotton tree (Simuli), from which Similipal gets its name.
2. Home to the World’s Only Wild Melanistic Tigers
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Similipal is globally unique for hosting melanistic (black) tigers.
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These rare tigers have a genetic mutation (recessive gene) causing thick black stripes merging into a dark coat.
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Estimated population: 10–12 melanistic tigers.
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Genetic isolation and dense forests provide perfect camouflage for their survival.
Natural Marvels and Cultural Heritage
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Scenic Waterfalls:
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Barehipani Falls (217 m) — one of India’s tallest waterfalls.
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Joranda Falls (181 m).
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Mountain Peaks:
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Meghasani (1,158 m) and Khairiburu (1,178 m).
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Indigenous Tribes:
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Tribes like the Birhor, Santhal, and Mankidia live sustainably and preserve ancient ecological knowledge.
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Conservation Efforts and Challenges
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Creation of an inviolate zone:
Most villages (like Jenabil and Jamunagada) were relocated over decades to reduce human impact. -
Bakua village (61 families) was excluded from the national park boundary.
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River Systems:
Similipal's forests are crucial for rivers like Budhabalanga and Salandi, supporting agriculture and drinking water for surrounding areas.
Future Plans
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Odisha aims to increase the tiger population to 100 by 2036.
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New strategies include:
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Introducing genetic diversity by translocating tigers from other reserves.
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AI-powered surveillance for better protection.
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Promoting eco-tourism to balance conservation with local livelihoods.
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Quick Facts for Prelims
| Feature | Details |
|---|---|
| Declared as National Park | 2024 |
| State | Odisha |
| District | Mayurbhanj |
| Area | 845.70 sq km |
| 107th National Park of India | Yes |
| UNESCO Biosphere Reserve | Since 1994 |
| Unique Species | Melanistic (Black) Tigers |
| Major Rivers Originating | Budhabalanga, Salandi |
Conclusion
The declaration of Similipal as a national park is a crucial step in India's wildlife conservation journey.
It strengthens the protection of rare species like the melanistic tiger, preserves rich biodiversity, sustains river systems, and promotes the integration of tribal communities with eco-tourism and sustainable development.
For UPSC Aspirants:
Remember — Similipal stands not just for tiger conservation but for ecological balance, cultural heritage, and futuristic conservation models involving technology and community participation.
